This study analyzes fraud in Sharia-compliant firms listed on the PSX (2017–2024), using multiple fraud proxies. Consistently compliant firms showed fewer regulatory violations, indicating better governance. However, predictive models revealed a higher risk of earnings manipulation. Inconsistent firms had mixed outcomes. The research highlights that consistency in Sharia compliance affects fraud patterns but does not eliminate manipulation risks.
Keywords: Enforcement, Ex-post Fraud, Ex-ante Fraud, Sharia compliance, Consistent Compliance
Tools: Excel,R,Phython
Department: Department of Business Studies
Tools: Excel,R,Phython
Department: Department of Business Studies
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